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The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response, by Clark W. Gellings
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The power system has often been cited as the greatest and most complex machine ever built, yet it is predominantly a mechanical system. However, technologies and intelligent systems are now available which can significantly enhance the overall functionality of power distribution, and make it ready to meet the needs the 21st century. This book explains in detail how sensors, communications technologies, computational ability, control, and feedback mechanisms can be effectively combined to create this new, continually adjusting "smart grid" system. You'll gain an understanding of both IntelliGridSM architecture and EnergyPortSM, as well as how the integration of intelligent systems can be effectively utilized toward achieving the goals of reliability, cost containment, energy efficiency in power production and delivery, and end-use energy efficiency.
- Sales Rank: #17783917 in Books
- Published on: 2009-06
- Original language: English
- Binding: Hardcover
About the Author
Clark W. Gellings is Vice President of Technology at the Electric Power Research Institute in Palo Alto, California, USA.
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3 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
"The Smart Grid": Review by Afshin Tajian
By Afshin Tajian
Review by: Afshin Tajian, Senior Consultant, DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability
Since "Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA07)" was signed into law in December 2007, Title 13 of this legislation, Smart Grid, has received serious attention and been the subject of many projects, government funds, conferences, articles, etc.(1) There are not, however, many books penned in this subject yet. "The Smart Grid, enabling energy efficiency and demand response" by Mr. Clark W. Gellings is one of the few. Perhaps, a missing point in this book is a reference to this historic legislation that became the real force behind the government-backed movement to re-shape the aged, traditional electric grid.
This article is intended to review the book, mainly from technical point of view. The reader should note that smart grid is an evolving term, experiencing inclusion of new concepts and modification of others on almost a daily basis. A lot of activities have been done in this area since the publication of the book in 2009 - especially in the areas of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and distributed resources.
As the title indicates, this book is specifically focused on two aspects or visions of the smart grid movement: efficiency of the grid, and demand response (DR).
The book makes a good portrait of the traditional journey of the electricity from the conventional energy resources (generators) to the transmission and distribution lines, and finally the customer.
The main case established by this book is that `smart grid' is the ongoing "growth" in electric consumption and demand, soaring stress caused by this growth, and its unavoidable negative effect on the reliability and efficiency of the grid. As mentioned in the book, the existing electric infrastructure is aged and incapable of meeting new required capacities, vulnerable to cyber attacks and human errors, not reliable and efficient enough...
In this quest, the author introduces us to the solutions that he believes should be pursued by the smart grid movement: `visualizing the power system in real time, increasing system capacity...' It is not very clear, however, what the author means by "absolute reliability of supply" as one of the `attributes of the smart grid' (Page 6). Does it mean one hundred percent reliability of energy source? Would it ever be achievable, or should today's industry adopt it as a vision?
The ideas of "ElectriNet" and "IntelliGrid", which are described and referenced frequently in the book, are proprietary concepts introduced by EPRI (Electric Power Research Institute, where the author has served as vice president). These concepts, however, have been introduced in this book as part of the definition or requirement of a smart grid solution.
Some of other EPRI-specific terms widely used in this book, but not currently used by most part of the industry are: Perfect Power System, EPRI's Energy Efficiency Initiative, EnergyPort... In that regard, the first chapter of this book would have made a better connection with the reader if the EPRI's IntelliGrid was introduced as one vision or option, next to other visions such as the GE's, UK SuperGen's, EDF's, NETl's, IBM's, etc, instead of being introduced as the definition of a smart grid. Chapter 6 is also dedicated to describing and expanding on this vision.
Perhaps, the only EPRI-initiated term that is adopted and used by the industry is the "demand-side management".
Smart Grid has a broad purpose by definition, targeting many different areas in a grid, and aiming at improving as many parts of the grid - from generation to T&D and home area networks - as possible. The smart grid movement is also attempting to "marry" the power sector and the modern IT and communications technologies to achieve a better communication and data management in the power system. Each utility or organization has adopted only parts of this purpose, due to their requirements, functions, and main problems. This became more apparent when the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (AR&RA) of 2009 committed billions of dollars to the energy utilities throughout the country for smart grid projects and demonstrations (2).
The projects' scope of work and areas of focus were determined in close negotiations with the utilities themselves. As the result, Southern California Edison focused on projects related to interoperability, interaction between technologies, and lithium-ion battery wind storage; but Beacon Power chose to work on power quality improvements through frequency regulation. Con Edison adopted a system to detect and respond to outages, and New York State Gas and Electric (SG&E) picked projects on energy storage demonstration ...and almost all these companies implemented smart metering (AMI).
In parts of this book, especially "Chapter 1: What is the Smart Grid?" and "Chapter 8: The EnergyPort as part of Smart Grid", the author's use of the term "network" confuses the reader, as the term is used to reference both `energy networks' and `communication networks' in different paragraphs. More clarification is specially needed where the author tries to describe potential benefits of `local area networks' to integrate data related to `local energy networks'.
Views and policies of companies such as Capgemini, IBM, EPRI, NETL, GridWise, GE, SuperGen, Galvin, EDF, etc are being summarized in Chapter 1, which are helpful to understand the depth and dimensions of this concept. However, there are many other companies - some added since this book was authored - which seem to be absent from this discussion. Companies such as Itron, Sensus, Elster, Silver Spring, etc are considered some of the major creators of the today's smart grid.
Chapter 2 includes good description of conservation voltage reduction (CVR), a concept that is receiving increasing attention from recent smart grid programs. The book describes the potential benefits and challenges that CVR projects could claim or face. This chapter also describes the relation between characteristics of distribution transformers and the efficiency of distribution system.
Chapter 3 suggests the end-user efficiency as an "alternative to traditional supply sources and to using fossil fuels at the point of end use". It also states "energy efficiency has the capacity of saving all forms of non-renewable energy resources" and "on some systems, energy efficiency may be the cheapest source of energy". It sounds very strange to consider `energy efficiency' as a "source of energy". Energy efficiency is all about getting more efficient in use of energy that is already generated by some type[s] of energy resource[s]. The generation could also take place in an efficient or non-efficient way... The concept of energy efficiency seems to be used with various meanings through this chapter, from reducing the use of energy (or lowering demand) to improving alternative resources. However, interesting scenarios have been described as possibilities to reduce energy consumption.
Chapter 4 discusses the design of a "perfect power system" by "using the best existing and evolving technology". Initially introduced by `Galvin Electricity Initiative', the concept of "perfect power system" has never been completely defined by that institute (3), or this book. The design criteria and the path described in the book are more of some useful methods toward a better grid, as many utilities understand and approach today, rather than a path to "the system that does not fail" (as the ultimate vision for the perfect system). There are characteristics provided in the book to describe `perfect device level', `perfect distributed power systems', `perfect fully integrated power system', and `relevant nodes of innovation'... but no specific guidance or solution to build or achieve all these great dreams.
Although the book describes each of the following four concepts separately: Perfect Power System, ElectriNet, IntelliGrid, and Smart Grid, the definitions and functions seem too similar to justify the need to define and use all four notions.
The book makes an appealing case in chapter 5 to use of more of the DC power at building levels in the future grid, especially due to the large number of devices that already utilize DC and the need to eliminate wasteful conversions between AC and DC; but it however fails to address how can the electric service be simultaneously deployed and utilized in both AC and DC forms at building levels (hybrid system), as the AC, obviously, cannot be eliminated.
A suggestion has been made to dedicate a DC distribution line for each home or group of homes to feed DC applications. That line can be energized by DC power sources, especially distributed resources, such as photovoltaic; or an Intelligent Universal Transformer. According to the book, about $2.5 billion can be saved annually by eliminating the wasted power resulted from AC-DC conversation. There's a list of "potential future work and research" regarding the use of DC in the future at the end of this chapter. Metering of the DC power needs to be added to this list.
Chapter 7 provides a useful discussion on the subjects of building energy management and demand-side management.
Chapter 8 believes that demand response investments and planning by utilities on customer side have not been successful thus far, mainly because the customers have no real incentives to modify their consumption behavior. The author suggests that providing more price signals, more choices on usage profile, automatic control, and more "portals or interfaces that allow them to see how they're using electricity" - together named EnergyPort - will improve the conditions. The author, however, uses "evidence shows..." to make a number of statements and judgments regarding customer behavior in demand response and energy management in this chapter, without making a clear reference to any specific evidence, research, or study.
Contrary to the relatively poor performance of the powerline carrier in a number of AMI and smart grid projects, Chapter 8 believes that this communication solution will be the technology of choice for the future homes.
Chapters 9 and 10 list a number of policies and programs that need to be put in place in various sections of the grid, such as energy supply, industry, buildings, transport... to accomplish a smart grid or market for one. Providing financial incentives is introduced as an essential part of such policies.
Interesting examples of policy-driven initiatives to increase efficiency in various countries are listed at the end of chapter 9.
Chapter 10 describes various factors and policies that could affect the behavior of consumers with regard to the utility's plans; from incentives to best-practiced methods to approach and educate customers. Considering the significant variety in such methods, it would have been helpful if the book had provided actual examples from the utilities, their experiences with customers, and the outcomes of such methods.
This chapter's suggestion regarding "market segmentation" (breaking the market into smaller homogeneous units so that specific customer classes are targeted (4)) may be against the rules and regulations of the most regulatory bodies in the US. Also, the wide range of factors that is introduced to be considered for alternative market implementation makes the suggestion practically ineffective.
This section, however, includes good suggestions with regard to educating customers and keeping a direct contact to dialogue with them. Methods such as energy audits, program services, exhibits, and inspection have been proven methods to approach and inform customers. Using the Internet and social networking tools, however, are absent from the introduced methods.
As for the "alternative pricing", the author believes that time-of-use programs have some "disadvantages" such as "the cost of metering, which can sometimes amount to several hundred dollars per installation". This is, unfortunately, a misleading statement. Implementation of smart meters and meter data management (MDM) systems has been the very first step of most smart grid programs. Even without a `smart grid' deployment, installation of advanced meters is part of the utilities' approach to TOU programs. Most advanced meters in the market can be `configured' easily for various time-of-use rates, with an installation that takes the same amount of cost/effort as any other type of meter. Processing the data, however, may introduce some additional costs to the utility, if more `channels of data' are now needed to be processed for a customer due to its new TOU rate. Most meter data management systems in the market can take this change/ modification as an update in the customer's account. In most conditions, the meter even does not need to be configured for any special TOU: as long as the usage is reported to the MDM in the form of load profile, the MDM can calculate how much usage relates to each TOU tier.
This section, also, provides good suggestions regarding deployment of pilot programs as a method to evaluate the costs, benefits, efforts, and planning associated with an actual smart grid project. At the end of this chapter, however, it is not clear enough if the discussed `data collection' is for the purpose of monitoring a deployed smart grid, or for the purpose of operating the smart grid.
Chapter 11, Efficient electric End-use Technology Alternatives, seems to be a summary of other works performed by the author (as also mentioned in its footnote) regarding energy efficiency at building level. This chapter includes a series of useful recommendations on technologies to improve efficiency at residential and commercial buildings as well as data centers and cogenerating plants.
Chapters 12 and 13 have perhaps been the author's main goals in creating this book: planning, management, and evaluation of the demand-side. Various methods and strategies have been offered - some of them experienced in real utilities around the world - to plan and manage the demand, and provide the balance between the customers' load and generated power. Some of the activities, to fall under "demand side management" and "demand side planning" as defined by the book, directly relate to influencing the customers and their behavior in use of energy.
Chapter 12 considers `demand response' as only one of the seven (7) ways of demand-side planning, to be defined as "activities defined to influence consumer demand in short term principally to reduce peak demand. Typically, includes load management, direct load control, time-of-use and real-time pricing or critical peak pricing". It is strange that the author first defines the demand response as a short term influence on consumer to reduce peak demand, and then counts in the TOU and real-time pricing as demand response policies... For most utilities, TOU and real-time pricing are ongoing programs or types of tariffs, and technically are not of the same nature as demand response strategies such as controlling appliances through a HAN or providing incentives to customers to reduce demand at certain times...
Studying other definitions, such as the ones provided for `demand-side planning' and `load management' makes the reader wonder whether or not these definitions or even these concepts have all been used and/or accepted by the utilities or academia. The answer to that question is that other than `demand-side management' and `demand response', none of the other phrases is being used within the day-to-day activities of most utilities or used as part of the relevant papers and researches. Other situations fall more or less under these two categories; for example, what is being defined here as `load management' is considers by most utilities as `demand response'.
Chapter 12 provides useful advises regarding the best `load' targets for demand response purposes. Space heating, space cooling, and water heating are introduced as "the residential end uses with the greatest potential applicability for achieving load shape objectives".
Chapter 13 provides some information regarding evaluation of a smart grid based on cost benefit analysis and societal benefits. It seems that a more detailed analysis and perhaps providing examples of cost benefit analysis and ROI (return of investment) of actual demand-side planning projects would have been useful.
Also, effecting customers' behavior - discussed in Chapter 13 - is an important concept, being researched by various utilities and universities as part of smart grid deployments such as the LADWP's (5).
A number of important issues seem to be absent from this smart grid book:
A discussion on the roles and responsibilities of the advanced (or smart) meters is a significant subject being absent from this book. In the smart grid era, electric or utility meters have assumed a new role as the utility's representatives at the customer's property. Advanced meters are used to monitor and report the registers or parameters that are now as valuable as billing information. Advanced meters can provide information such as instantaneous demand, power quality, and load profile consumption throughout day/week/month/... that indicates customers' need and usage behavior through various time periods. The meters have also been used to communicate with the consumers' appliances as part of demand response programs through a local communication setup known as Home Area Network (HAN). Advanced meters can also report an outage, tamper, or abnormal condition of electric service to the utility way faster than the customer's call, and also take part in remote disconnect/reconnect procedure that sometimes become necessary in utilities operations.
That is why a number of companies and federal entities (such as Pacific Gas & Electric, LADWP, the US Navy, etc) have considered the roll out of smart meters and/or implementation of an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) as their very first step toward a smart grid. Historically, large deployment of Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) projects that only automated the process of meter reading in companies such as New York Con Edison paved the way to the AMI and smart grid. Except as a couple of quick references, this book does not address the benefits and importance of the advanced meters in the vision of smart grid.
Another important subject, absent from this smart grid book, is a discussion on communication technologies. Selection of the right communication technology for the utility, making the two-way interconnections between the equipment and data centers, and protecting the network against cyber security threats are some of the major areas of consideration and analysis by utilities and federal government in the plan of smart grids. In today's smart grid forum, the pros and cons of each wireless and wired communication technology are being thoroughly analyzed.
Security challenges, especially cyber security, and government policies in that regard also seems an important topic not mentioned in this book. This aspect of the information technology is now considered an inseparable part of any smart grid. Utilities usually require cyber security test/evaluation on the equipment as well as integration tests and inter-system evaluations of data security and limited access and etc. in order to confirm a secure implementation of a smart grid.
The lack of `standards' is another challenge ahead of the smart grid movement which is not discussed in the book. Although the organizations such as IEEE, NIST, and IEC have begun to generate new standards and identify which one of their standards relate to smart grid, there's still a long way to go to address the industry's need. Another major challenge is that the regulators need to become more familiar with the facts of smart grid systems versus the myths that are told by many hands involved with this process. As we can see today, the regulators in a number of cities throughout the US cannot decide whether smart meters that use wireless technologies to communicate are harmful for people or not. They also expect the `smart systems' begin to save them money as soon as installed, where in most cases, it is not the smart device that makes any difference, but the appropriate use of the data generated by that device is what brings the real value to the grid.
The book "the smart grid, enabling energy efficiency and demand response" introduces, describes, and analyzes a wide range of smart grid related technologies and services; but many of these solutions are specific to EPRI's activities, and it does not address the remaining majority of activities, plans, challenges, and projects that are currently happening in the smart grid movement. This book, however, is recommended to the students, scholars, and engineers interested in the subject of power grid technologies and smart grid.
Footnotes:
(1) For TITLE XIII of EISA2007, visit:
[...]
(2) For more information see: "SGN Stimulus Toolkit", SmartGridNew.Com Staff Report, April 2, 2009, [...]
(3) Galvin Initiative, however, has tried to provide definition and functional requirements for this concept. For more information please see galvinpower.org.
(4) Page 195
(5) For more information please see the Customer Behavior Project, as part of the LADWP SGRDP, at: [...]
Afshin Tajian is a senior consultant at DNV KEMA Energy & Sustainability, where he has been involved with Smart Grid and AMI projects, providing consulting to companies such as LADWP, PEA (Thailand), US Navy, EEHC, etc. As part of the Navy AMI project, he assisted the Navy with smart metering solution for the Navy bases throughout the world. Prior to DNV KEMA, Afshin worked at metering department, also substation design department of Con Edison in New York, where he worked at design of various smart metering applications, use of metering data, and testing electric meters. He holds a MS Degree in Electrical Engineering, with focus on power and high voltage studies from the Polytechnic Institute of New York University. He can be contacted at AT6123@gmail.com
Review by: Afshin Tajian; Copyright Afshin Tajian, 2012
10 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Perfect for college-level collections strong in energy management issues
By Midwest Book Review
The Smart Grid: Enabling Energy Efficiency and Demand Response offers a survey of power systems and grid management perfect for college-level collections strong in energy management issues. From how sensors and communication technologies can be combined into a new continually adjusting 'smart' grid system to how integration of intelligent systems can achieve better energy efficiency and manage costs, this comes from a Vice President of Technology at the Electric Power Research Institute and offers the depth of analysis needed for college collections.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
One Star
By Ting Zhou
Useless forced to buy it per professor...
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